Leonard L. Abess (born 1948), owner and CEO of City National Bank of Florida[1] Bill Ackman (born 1966), hedge fund manager and investor, founder of Pershing Square Capital Management and co-founder of investment firm Gotham Partners[2] Les Alexander (born 1944), investor, founder of the Alexander Group, former owner of NBA‘s Houston Rockets[3] Sergey Aleynikov (born 1969/1970), Russian-American founder of financial consulting firm Omnibius[4] Bill (born 1949), Peter (1952–2017), Susan (born 1946) and Ted Alfond (born 1945), investors; members of the Alfond family[5] James Altucher (born 1968), hedge fund manager and tech investor, founder of StockPickr[6] Shari Arison (born 1957), American-Israeli investor, owner of Bank Hapoalim; member of the Arison family[7] Jeff Aronson (born 1958), co-founder of Centerbridge Partners, former partner at Angelo Gordon[8][9] Cliff Asness (born 1966), hedge fund manager, co-founder of AQR Capital[10][11] Jules Bache (1861–1944), founder of J. S. Bache & Co.[12] Ronald S. Baron (born 1943), investor, founder of Baron Capital Management[13] Joseph Ainslie Bear (1878–1955), co-founder of investment bank Bear Stearns[14] Jordan Belfort (born 1962), former stock broker, founder of Stratton Oakmont[15] Rebecka Belldegrun (born 1950), Finnish-born investor, CEO of BellCo Capital; wife of Arie Belldegrun[16] Bob Benmosche (1944–2015), investment banker, former president and CEO of the American International Group (AIG)[17] Roger Berlind (1930–2020), co-founder of Carter, Berlind, Potoma & Weill[18] David Bergstein (born 1962), founder of private equity firm Cyrano Group[19] Bruce R. Berkowitz (born 1957/1958), founder of Fairholme Capital Management[20] Paul P. (born 1934) and Zalman Bernstein (1926–1999), co-founders of investment-management firm Sanford C. Bernstein & Company (now AllianceBernstein)[21] Leon Black (born 1951), co-founder of Apollo Global Management[22] Lloyd C. Blankfein (born 1954), former CEO of Goldman Sachs[23] Leonard Blavatnik (born 1957), Ukraine-born British-American investor, founder of Access Industries (owns Warner Music Group, Deezer, DAZN)[24][25][26] Michael Bloomberg (born 1942), co-founder of global financial services, software and mass media company Bloomberg[27] Alfred S. Bloomingdale (1916–1982), co-founder of Diners Club International[28] Richard C. Blum (born 1935), founder of Blum Capital[29] Ivan Boesky (born 1937), former financier and insider trader, founder of Ivan F. Boesky & Company[30][31] David Bonderman (born 1942), co-founder of TPG Capital[32] Bill Browder (born 1964), American-British financier, co-founder of Hermitage Capital Management[33] B. Gerald Cantor (1916–1996), founder of Cantor Fitzgerald[34] Arthur L. Carter (born 1931), investment banker, co-founder of Carter, Berlind, & Weill[35] Stanley Chais (1926–2010), former investment advisor and money manager[36] Marshall Cogan (born 1937), former partner at Cogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt and founder of the United Automotive Group[37] Abby Joseph Cohen (born 1953), advisory director at Goldman Sachs[38] Peter A. Cohen (born 1946/1947), chairman and CEO of Cowen Group[39] Steven A. Cohen (born 1956), hedge fund manager, founder of Point72 Asset Management and SAC Capital Advisors[40] Gary Cohn (born 1960), former COO of Goldman Sachs; Chief Economic Advisor to President Trump (until March 2018)[41] Leon Cooperman (born 1943), investor and hedge fund manager, chairman of Omega Advisors[42][43] Mark Cuban (born 1958), start-up investor, owner of NBA‘s Dallas Mavericks, co-founder of 2929 Entertainment[44] Jon P. Diamond (born 1957), co-founder of the Safe Auto Insurance Company[45] Glenn Dubin (born 1957), hedge fund manager, co-founder of Highbridge Capital Management, co-owner of global merchant firm CCI[46] Asher Edelman (born 1939), Corporate raider[30] Joseph Edelman (born 1955), founder of hedge fund Perceptive Advisors[47] David Einhorn (born 1968), investor, hedge fund manager, founder of Greenlight Capital[48] Lewis Eisenberg (born 1942), co-founder of private equity firm Granite Capital International Group[49] Thomas George Stemberg (1949–2015), He was a pioneer of the office supplies superstore industry[50] Michael R. Eisenson, co-founder of Charlesbank Capital Partners[51] Steve Eisman (born 1962), investor, co-founder of Emrys Partners, managing director at Neuberger Berman[52] Israel “Izzy” Englander (born 1948), investor, founder of Millennium Management[53] Boris Epshteyn (born 1982), Russian-born investment banker[49] Jeffrey Epstein (1953–2019), financier, founder of Intercontinental Assets Group and J. Epstein Co.[54] Andrew Fastow (born 1961), former CFO of Enron[55] Irwin Federman (born 1936), General Partner of U.S. Venture Partners (USVP)[56] Steve Feinberg (born 1960), co-founder of Cerberus Capital Management[57] Karen Finerman (born 1965), co-founder of hedge fund Metropolitan Capital Advisors[58] Laurence D. Fink (born 1952), financial executive, co-founder of BlackRock, the world’s largest asset manager.[59] William S. Fisher (born 1958), investor, hedge fund manager, founder of Manzanita Capital; Gap heir[60] Lee Fixel (born 1980), investor, partner at Tiger Management[61] John Frankel (born 1961), British-American founder of ff Venture Capital[62] Martin Frankel (born 1954), investor, founder of Winthrop Capital; known for using astrology to make financial trading decisions[63][64] Jacob A. Frenkel (born 1943), Israeli-American chairman of JPMorgan Chase International[65][66] Tully Friedman (born 1942), co-founder of Hellman & Friedman (H&F), Friedman Fleischer & Lowe (FFL)[67][68] Jeremy Frommer, hedge fund manager, former co-CEO of RBC Capital Markets[69] Richard S. Fuld Jr. (born 1946), former (and last) CEO of Lehman Brothers[70] Lewis Glucksman (1925–2006), CEO and chairman of Lehman Brothers, Kuhn, Loeb[71][72] Stanley Gold (born 1942), former president and CEO of Shamrock Holdings (Roy E. Disney‘s family investment firm)[73] Stanley Golder (1929–2000), co-founder of private equity firm GTCR[74] Marcus Goldman (1821–1904), German-born co-founder of Goldman Sachs; member of the Goldman-Sachs family[75] David Gottesman (1926–2022), founder of First Manhattan Co.; member of the Gottesman family[76] Noam Gottesman (born 1961), Israeli-born British-American hedge fund manager and investor, co-founder of GLG Partners, CEO of TOMS Capital[77] Jonathan D. Gray (born 1970), president and COO of the Blackstone Group, chairman of Hilton Worldwide Holdings[78] Leonard I. Green (1934–2002), founder of Leonard Green & Partners, West Coast’s largest LBO firm[79] Pincus Green (born 1934), oil and gas commodities trader[80][81] Alan Greenspan (born 1926), former Chair of the Federal Reserve, (co-)founder of Townsend-Greenspan & Co. and Greenspan Associates[82] John Gutfreund (1929–2016), former CEO of Salomon Brothers[83][84] Rich Handler (born 1961), banker, chairman and CEO of independent investment bank Jefferies Group[85] Joshua Harris (born 1965), investor, co-founder of Apollo Global Management, owner of the New Jersey Devils and the Philadelphia 76ers[86][87] Adrian (born 1966) and Nick Hanauer (born 1959), venture capitalists[88] Alfred S. Hart (1904–1979), Hungarian-born founder of City National Bank[89][90] Andrew Hauptman (born 1969), founder of investment firm Andell Holdings and owner of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club; son-in-law of Charles Bronfman[91] Isaias W. Hellman (1842–1920), German-born banker, co-founder of the Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles (F&M), president of Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank[92] Samuel J. Heyman (1939–2009), hedge fund manager and chairman of the GAF Materials Corporation[93] Ben Horowitz (born 1966), start-up investor, co-founder of Andreessen Horowitz[94] Carl Icahn (born 1936), Corporate raider, founder of Icahn Enterprises[95] Mat Ishbia (born 1979/1980), CEO and chairman of mortgage lender United Wholesale Mortgage[96] Samuel Israel III (born 1959), former hedge fund manager, founder of the Bayou Hedge Fund Group[97] Kenneth M. Jacobs (born 1957/1958), chairman and CEO of Lazard Ltd[98] Mitchell R. Julis (born 1955), co-founder of the Canyon Capital Advisors hedge fund[99] David Kabiller (born 1964), co-founder of investment management firm AQR Capital[100] Neil Kadisha (born 1955), Iranian-born co-founder of investment firm Omninet Capital[101] Irving Kahn (1905–2015), investor, co-founder of Kahn Brothers Group[102][103] Otto Hermann Kahn (1867–1934), German-born investment banker, partner at Kuhn, Loeb & Co.; known for the reorganization of American railroad systems[104] George Kaiser (born 1942), chairman of BOK Financial Corporation[105][106] Robert S. Kapito (born 1957), investor, co-founder of BlackRock, chair of the board of UJA-Federation of New York[107] Steven Kaplan, co-founder of Oaktree Capital Management, co-owner of MLS‘ D.C. United and EFL Championship‘s Swansea City A.F.C.[108] George Karfunkel (born 1948/1949), Hungarian-born co-founder of AmTrust Financial Services and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company (AST)[109][110] Bruce Karsh (born 1955), investor, co-founder of Oaktree Capital Management, chairman of the Tribune Media Company[111] Richard A. Kayne (born 1945/1946), co-founder of Kayne Anderson Capital Advisers[112] Tal Keinan (born 1969), American-Israeli investor, co-founder of Clarity Capital[113] Barry Klarberg (born 1961), founder of Monarch Business & Wealth Management; co-owner of MLB‘s New York Yankees and MLS‘s New York City FC[114] Seth Klarman (born 1957), investor and hedge fund manager, founder of the Baupost Group; minority owner of MLB‘s Boston Red Sox[115] Eugene Kleiner (1923–2003), Austrian-born venture capitalist who co-founded KPCB and is considered a pioneer of Silicon Valley[116] Jerome Kohlberg Jr. (1925–2015), co-founder of KKR, founder of Kohlberg & Company[117] Sonja Kohn (born 1948), Austrian-American banker[118][119] Bruce Kovner (born 1945), investor, hedge fund manager, chairman of CAM Capital[120] Orin Kramer (born 1945), hedge fund manager, founder of Boston Provident[121] Peter S. Kraus, CEO of AllianceBernstein (AB)[122] Henry R. Kravis (born 1944), co-founder of KKR[123] Rodger Krouse (born 1961), co-founder of Sun Capital Partners[124] Joe Lacob (born 1956), Silicon Valley investor, partner at Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (KPCB), co-owner of NBA‘s Golden State Warriors[125] Andrew A. Lanyi (1925–2009), Hungarian-born investor, founder of the Lanyi Group[126][127] Marc Lasry (born 1959), Moroccan-born hedge fund manager, co-founder (along with his sister Sonia (born 1962)) of the Avenue Capital Group, co-owner of NBA‘s Milwaukee Bucks[128] Henry Laufer (born 1945), investor, former VP of Research at Renaissance Technologies, co-founder of the Medallion Fund[129][130] Jonathan Lavine (born 1966), co-managing partner of investment firm Bain Capital and CIO of Bain Capital Credit; co-owner of NBA‘s Boston Celtics[131] Solomon Lazard (1827–1916), French-born founder of Lazard Frères and Company; member of the Lazard family[132][133] Sayra (1898–1994), Jim (1928–2014) and Alexandra Lebenthal (born 1964), Lebenthal & Company[134][135] Bennett S. LeBow (born 1937), chairman of the Board of the Vector Group, former owner of the Liggett Group[136] Marc J. Leder (born 1962), co-founder of Sun Capital Partners, co-owner of the Philadelphia 76ers[137] Thomas H. Lee (born 1944), founder of the private equity firms THL and Lee Equity Partners[138][139] Henry (1822–1855), Mayer (1830–1897) and Emanuel Lehman (1827–1907), German-born founders of Lehman Brothers; members of the Lehman family[140] Al Lerner (1933–2002), former chairman of the Board of credit card company MBNA and owner of NFL‘s Cleveland Browns[141] Randy Lerner (born 1962), investor, former owner of the MBNA Corporation; former owner of EPL‘s Aston Villa F.C.[141] Dennis Levine (born 1952), former managing director at Drexel Burnham Lambert[142] Leon Levy (1925–2003), investor, former partner at Oppenheimer & Co.[143] Peter B. Lewis (1933–2013), former chairman and owner of the Progressive Insurance Company[144] Cy Lewis (1908–1978), long-time managing partner of Bear, Stearns & Company[145][146] Josh Linkner (born 1970), former CEO of Detroit Venture Partners[147] Greg Lippmann (born 1968/1969), hedge fund manager, co-founder of LibreMax Partners[148] Daniel S. Loeb (born 1961), hedge fund manager, founder of Third Point Management[149] Solomon Loeb (1828–1903), German-born co-founder of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.[150] Howard Lorber (born 1948), CEO of New Valley LLC (formerly Western Union), chairman of Douglas Elliman and Nathan’s Famous[151] Howard Lutnick (born 1961), chairman and CEO of Cantor Fitzgerald & BGC Partners[152] Bernie Madoff (1938–2021), financier and chairman of the Nasdaq, founder of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities; Ponzi schemer[153][154] Stephen Mandel, Jr. (born 1956), hedge fund manager, investor, founder of Lone Pine Capital, former managing director at the Tiger Fund[155] Leo Melamed (born 1932), Polish-born financial futures pioneer, chairman emeritus of the CME Group[156] James Melcher (born 1939), hedge fund manager, founder of Balestra Capital Management; former Olympic fencer[157] J. Ezra Merkin (born 1953), investor, hedge fund manager, former president of the Fifth Avenue Synagogue; Madoff Ponzi scheme victim[158][159] André Meyer (1898–1979), French-American investment banker, former senior partner at Lazard Frères & Co.[160] Marc Eugene Meyer (1842–1925), French-American former president of Lazard Frères & Co.[161] Marc Mezvinsky (born 1977), investment banker, co-founder of Eaglevale Partners; husband of Chelsea Clinton[162][163] Michael Milken (born 1946), financier, junk-bond specialist, founder of the Milken Institute[30] Eric Mindich, hedge fund manager, founder of Eton Park Capital Management[164][165] Steven Mnuchin (born 1962), former hedge fund manager; 77th United States Secretary of the Treasury[49] David Morgenthaler (1919–2016), founder of Morgenthaler, one of the oldest private equity investment firms in the U.S.[166] Sir Michael Moritz (born 1954), British-American Silicon Valley venture capitalist, partner at Sequoia Capital[167] Alfred Huger Moses (1840–1918), banker and investor who founded the city of Sheffield, Alabama[168] Andrew M. Murstein (born 1964), founder of investment company Medallion Financial Corp., former taxi medallion lending executive, owner of MLL‘s New York Lizards[169] Arthur Nadel (1933–2012), former hedge fund manager, founder of Scoop Management Co.[170] Ezri Namvar (born 1951/1952), Iranian-born founder of the Namco Capital Group and former owner of the Security Pacific Bank[171][172] Jack Nash (1929–2008), German-born hedge fund pioneer, former chairman of Oppenheimer & Company, co-founder of the New York Sun[173] Elkan Naumburg (1835–1924), German-born banker, founder of E. Naumburg & Co.[174] Izak Parviz Nazarian (1929–2017), Iranian-American investor, managing partner at Omninet Capital; member of the Nazarian family[175][176][177] Roy Neuberger (1903–2010), financier, co-founder of Neuberger Berman[178] Aviv Nevo (born 1965), Romanian-born Israeli-American venture capitalist, founder of NV Investments; major shareholder in Time Warner[179] Roy (born 1966) and Victor Niederhoffer (born 1943), hedge fund managers[180][181] Mark Nordlicht (born 1968), American-Israeli hedge fund manager, founder of Platinum Partners[182][183] Nelson Obus (born 1947), hedge fund manager, co-founder of Wynnefield Capital[184][185] Daniel Och (born 1961), investor and hedge fund manager, founder of the Och-Ziff Capital Management Group (now Sculptor Capital Management)[186] Bernard Osher (born 1927), a founding director of World Savings Bank[187] Jacob Ostreicher (born 1959), investor[188] Alan Patricof (born 1934), venture capital and private equity pioneer; co-founder of Apax Partners and Greycroft[189] David L. Paul (1939–2022), banker, founder of Miami-based CenTrust Bank[190] John Paulson (born 1955), investor, founder of Paulson & Co.[191] Stephen M. Peck (1935–2004), co-founder of asset management firm Weiss, Peck & Greer[192] Nelson Peltz (born 1942), investor, co-founder of Trian Fund Management[193] Jeffrey, Raymond (1917–2019) and Ron Perelman (born 1943), investors[194] Richard C. Perry (born 1955), hedge fund manager, founder of Perry Capital[195][196] Carl Pforzheimer (1879–1957), banker, co-founder of the American Stock Exchange, founder of Carl H. Pforzheimer & Co.[197][198] Lionel Pincus (1931–2009), co-founder of private equity firm Warburg Pincus[199] Danny Porush (born 1957), former stock broker and chairman of Stratton Oakmont[200][201] Victor Posner (1918–2002), LBO pioneer[202] Michael F. Price (born 1951), hedge fund manager, founder of MFP Investors[203] Nicholas (born 1945), Karen (born 1958), Jennifer (born 1950) and John Pritzker (19&3–), investors; members of the Pritzker family[204] Dan Rapoport (1970–2022), Latvian-born investor, founder of Rapoport Capital[205] Ira Rennert (born 1934), industrial investor, founder of the Renco Group[206] Tony Ressler (born 1960), private equity tycoon and venture capitalist, co-founder of Ares Management and Apollo Global Management; owner of NBA‘s Atlanta Hawks[207] Marc Rich (1934–2013), Belgian-American former oil trader, hedge fund manager and founder of Glencore plc[208][209] Larry Robbins (born 1969), hedge fund manager, founder of Glenview Capital Management[210] Stephen Robert (born 1940), former chairman and CEO of Oppenheimer & Co. and Renaissance Institutional Management (subsidiary of Renaissance Technologies)[211] George R. Roberts (born 1944), co-founder of KKR[212] Arthur Rock (born 1926), early Silicon Valley venture capitalist, co-founder of Davis & Rock and Fairchild Semiconductor[213] George Rohr (born 1954), Colombian-born co-founder of private equity firm NCH Capital[214][215] David S. Rose (born 1957), start-up investor, founder of New York Angels[216] Barry Rosenstein (born 1960), hedge fund manager, founder of JANA Partners[217] Mack Rossoff, founder of independent investment bank Rossoff & Co.[218][219] David René de Rothschild (born 1942), banker; current chairman of Rothschild & Co; member of the Rothschild family[220] Marc Rowan (born 1962), co-founder of Apollo Global Management[221] David M. Rubenstein (born 1949), financier, co-founder of global private equity investment company The Carlyle Group[222] Robert Rubin (born 1938), former Treasury Secretary, director of National Economic Council, and chairman of Citigroup[223] Samuel Sachs (1851–1935), co-founder of Goldman Sachs[224] William Salomon (1914–2014), former managing partner of Salomon Brothers[225][226] Arthur J. Samberg (1941–2020), founder of Pequot Capital Management[227] Morris Schapiro (1903–1996), Lithuanian-born investment banker, founder of M. A. Schapiro & Company; known for negotiating the merger of Chase Bank and Bank of Manhattan[228] Jacob H. Schiff (1847–1920), German-born banker; former leader of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.[229] Peter Schiff (born 1963), CEO and chief global strategist of Euro Pacific Capital.[230] Rick Schnall (born 1970), partner at private equity firm Clayton Dubilier & Rice and minority owner of NBA‘s Atlanta Hawks[207] Alan Schwartz (born 1950/1951), Executive Chairman of Guggenheim Partners, former (and last) CEO of Bear, Stearns & Company[134] Stephen A. Schwarzman (born 1947), co-founder of the Blackstone Group[231] Joseph Seligman (1819–1880), German-born co-founder of investment bank J. & W. Seligman & Co.[232] David E. Shaw (1951–), founder of D. E. Shaw & Co.[233] Bruce Sherman (born 1948), co-founder of wealth-management firm Private Capital Management (PCM) and owner of MLB‘s Miami Marlins[234][235] Eugene Shvidler (born 1964), Russian-American oil tycoon, chairman of Millhouse Capital[236][237] Jim Simons (born 1938), hedge fund manager, co-founder of Renaissance Technologies[238][239] Nat Simons (born 1966), hedge fund manager and investor, (co-)founder of the Meritage Group and Prelude Ventures, co-chairman of Renaissance Technologies[240] Paul Singer (born 1944), hedge fund manager, founder of the Elliott Management Corporation[241] David M. Solomon (born 1962), disc jockey and investment banker, CEO of Goldman Sachs[242] George Soros (born 1930), Hungarian-American investor and business magnate, founder of Soros Fund Management; member of the Soros family[243] James Speyer (1861–1941), former head of the banking firm Speyer & Co.; member of the Speyer family[244] Robert B. Stearns (1888–1954), financier, co-founder of Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc[245] Amanda Steinberg (born 1977/1978), founder of DailyWorth[246] Saul Steinberg (1939–2012), Corporate raider[247] Michael Steinhardt (born 1940), investor and hedge fund manager, co-founder of Steinhardt Partners, chairman of WisdomTree Investments[248] Lee Stern (born 1926), futures and options trader; founder of Lee B. Stern & Company; co-owner of MLB‘s Chicago White Sox[249][250] Leonard N. Stern (born 1938), investor, chairman and CEO of the Hartz Group and Hartz Mountain Industries[251] Marc Stern, chairman of the TCW Group, co-owner of NBA‘s Milwaukee Bucks and MLB‘s Milwaukee Brewers[252][253] Stuart Sternberg (born 1959), Wall Street investor, owner of MLB‘s Tampa Bay Rays[254] Barry Sternlicht (born 1960), co-founder of investment firm Starwood Capital Group, former chairman of Starwood[255] Donald Sussman (born 1946), financier, hedge fund manager, founder of Paloma Funds and New China Capital Management[256][257] Leonard M. Tannenbaum (born 1971), founder of Fifth Street Asset Management[258] David Tepper (born 1957), investor, hedge fund manager, founder of Appaloosa Management[259][124] David Tisch (born 1981), start-up investor, co-founder of BoxGroup; member of the Tisch family[260] Igor Tulchinsky (born 1966), Belarus-born hedge fund manager, founder of WorldQuant[261] Cliff Viner (born 1948), hedge fund manager, co-founder of III Capital Management and AVM, former co-owner of the Florida Panthers[262][263] Jeffrey Vinik (born 1959), former hedge fund manager, owner of NHL‘s Tampa Bay Lightning[264][265] Paul Wachter (born 1956), founder of Main Street Advisors, a VIP-focused financial and asset management advisory firm[266] Eric M. Warburg (1900–1990), German-American co-founder of Warburg Pincus; member of the Warburg family[267][268] James Warburg (1896–1969), German-born banker and financial adviser to Franklin D. Roosevelt[268] Paul Warburg (1868–1932), German-born former chairman of the Bank of the Manhattan Company (predecessor of Chase Manhattan Bank) and director of the Federal Reserve Bank[268] Bruce Wasserstein (1947–2009), investment banker, former CEO of Lazard and co-founder of Wasserstein Perella & Co.[269] Sanford I. Weill (born 1933), banker & financier, former chairman and CEO of Citigroup, co-founder of Carter, Berlind, Potoma & Weill[270][271] Peter Weinberg (born 1957), co-founder of Perella Weinberg Partners[272] Boaz Weinstein (born 1973), hedge fund manager, founder of Saba Capital Management[273] Sholam Weiss (born 1954), bankruptcy specialist[274][275] Allen Weisselberg (born 1947), CFO of the Trump Organization[276] Maurice Wertheim (1886–1950), founder of Wertheim & Co.[277] Oren Zeev (born 1964), Israeli-American start-up investor, founder of Zeev Ventures, co-founder of Tipalti[278] Nancy Zimmerman (born 1963/1964), hedge fund manager, co-founder of Bracebridge Capital[279] Eric Zinterhofer (born 1971), private equity financier, founding partner of Searchlight Capital; member of the Lauder family[280] Barry Zubrow (born 1953), founder of private investment firm ITB, former CRO of JPMorgan Chase[281][282]